Conrad Hal Waddington was an embryologist and theoretical biologist. His early experimental work investigated aspects of embryonic induction and the properties of the organizer first identified by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold, while his later studies focused on genetic assimilation. Waddington is probably best known for developing the concept of the epigenetic landscape, and he also held significant interest in many different areas ranging from the visual arts and poetry to philosophy. Throughout his career, Waddington maintained that the arts were integral to science, and he continued to draw inspiration from the arts for his own work.
Conrad Hal Waddington was born on 8 November 1905 in Evesham, England, to Mary Ellen Warner and Hal Waddington. Waddington’s father was a tea planter in South India. His family life was difficult; for instance he did not see his father between the ages of five and fifteen years old due to World War I, which caused a disruption in travel between Britain and India. Waddington attended Clifton College School where he was introduced to Eric J. Holmyard, a chemistry textbook writer. In addition to science, Holmyard introduced Waddington to metaphysics such as Arabic alchemy and Alexandrian Gnosticism.
After high school, Waddington attended the Sydney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge, where he studied the natural sciences, focusing on geology. Waddington had a reputation for being idiosyncratic; rather than completing his required course work, for instance, he spent his time reading the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead. In 1926 Waddington graduated with first class honors from the University of Cambridge. In the same year, he married “Lass” Lascelles, with whom he had one son. Later in his life Waddington admitted that he was more interested in poetry than science throughout his undergraduate degree. Also in 1926, Waddington began graduate school at Cambridge focused on paleontology, especially in ammonites. Quite typically for him he held two studentships during his graduate degree, one in geology, the other in philosophy.
Waddington left Cambridge in 1929 without finishing his doctoral thesis. He received a ScD in 1938 on the merit of his published work. His first appointment was a research fellowship at the Strangeways Research Laboratory, where he published his investigation of the genetics of germination in Matthiola. In 1930 Waddington became a demonstrator in zoology at Cambridge through a part-time grant from Medical Research Council for his culture work at Strangeways. Waddington also received a Rockefeller Research Fellowship, which allowed him to spend six months in Freiburg, Germany, with Hans Spemann.
During his time at Strangeways, Waddington began to study embryonic development in higher mammals. He was able to show the presence of the organizer in higher mammals and birds. One of his most celebrated experiments was the face to face joining of two duck blastoderms. This induced a second primitive streak in the blastoderm, demonstrating the inductive effects of that structure. In 1933 he became a lecturer of zoology at Strangeways Research Laboratory under the director, Honor Fell. In that same year, Waddington was named a Fellow at Christ’s College. In work published in 1934, Waddington was able to transplant the primitive streak from a chick to a rabbit embryo, inducing a second axis in the rabbit embryo. Subsequently, Waddington worked with Joseph Needham on chemical induction in amphibians. In 1936 divorce ended his first marriage. The same year he married the architect Justin Blano White, with whom he had two daughters. As part of his interest in theoretical questions of biology, Waddington joined the Theoretical Biology Club in the late 1930s.
In 1939 Waddington traveled to the United States, where he worked at the California Institute of Technology with Alfred Sturtevant and Theodosius Dobzhansky researching Drosophila . In 1940, after he left the Theoretical Biology Club, Waddington joined a scientific dinner club called “Tots and Quots.” The purpose of this club was to promote the use of science in war. World War II had broken out the year before. As Britain was drawn into the war, Waddington contributed to a book, Science in War. His contribution was a chapter titled, “Meat at Any Price,” which promoted the use of science to analyze military operations in order to improve their effectiveness. Waddington spent some time with the Royal Air Force and improved German U-boat detection measures through the use of mathematical modeling. His paper, “Operational Research Against the U-Boat,” was written in 1946 for the Royal Air Force Coastal Command but was not published until 1973.
Waddington’s book, Organisers and Genes , was published in 1940. There he described the concept of competence, which is the ability of a given cell or tissue to react to an inducing signal. He also proposed the concept of the epigenetic landscape, which would reappear in many of his later publications as a model of tissue determination. After the war, Waddington became the Chair of Genetics at Edinburgh in 1945. The same year, he also became the Chief Geneticist for the National Animal Breeding and Genetics Research Organization. For his fiftieth birthday, his colleagues threw him a surprise birthday party with a pinball machine constructed as an epigenetic landscape. His book, The Strategy of the Genes , which further describes the epigenetic landscape, was published in 1957. The epigenetic landscape is a visual metaphor of a ball signifying a cell, traveling down a landscape of ridges and valleys where multiple factors influence the cell to take a certain course toward a final tissue type. Waddington also included the activity of genes in his model. The genes were able to pull on the strings, or “chreodes” as he named them, which Waddington envisioned creating the developmental pathways a cell may take.
Waddington’s studies in genetics led him to the idea of genetic assimilation. He proposed this as a Darwinian mechanism that allows certain acquired characteristic to become heritable. This work was important to refute the work of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko, the agricultural scientist who was forcing the idea of acquired characteristics onto Soviet genetics. Waddington focused his genetic assimilation work on the crossveinless trait of Drosophila . This is a trait that occurs with high frequency in heat-treated flies. After a few generations, the trait can be found in the population, without the application of heat, based on hidden genetic variation that has been “assimilated.”
Later in his career, Waddington focused more on theoretical biology, organizing four symposia on the subject of theoretical biology. These symposia helped to generate several ideas, such as the Positional Information Theory by Lewis Wolpert. Waddington also helped to found the International Biological Program, a five year study into many aspects of the interaction between humans and biology throughout the world in 1964. In 1970 Waddington accepted the position of the Albert Einstein Chair in Science at the State University of New York in Buffalo.
Waddington won many awards for his varied academic pursuits. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1947. He was named to the Finnish Academy in 1957. He was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1958. In 1959 Waddington became a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He also was a Fellow of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, the oldest scientific academy in Germany (founded in 1677). He was awarded honorary ScD from the University of Montreal in 1958; Trinity College, Dublin, in 1965; Prague in 1966; and Geneva in 1968. He also received an LLD from Aberdeen in 1966.
Waddington died on 26 September 1975 of a heart attack at sixty nine years of age.
View a diagram of Waddington and relationships here.
Sources
1.“Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2006.”http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=1727 (Accessed 10 March 2007).
2.“Obituary. Conrad Hal Waddington.” Lancet 2 (1975): 667.
3.Needham, Joseph. “Conrad Hal Waddington, CBE, FRS.” Nature 258 (1975): 371–372.
4.Newth, D. R. “Conrad Hal Waddington, CBE, FRS.” Nature 258 (1975): 371.
5.Robertson, Alan. “Conrad Hal Waddington. 8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Academy 23 (1977): 575–622.
6.Slack, Jonathan M. W. “Conrad Hal Waddington: The Last Renaissance Biologist?” Nature Reviews Genetics 3 (2002): 889–895.
7.Stern, C. D. “Conrad H. Waddington’s Contributions to Avian and Mammalian Development, 1930–1940.” The International Journal of Developmental Biology 44 (2000): 15–22.
Cite as: Adam R. Navis, "Conrad Hal Waddington", Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2007) ISSN: 1940-5030. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2286/embryo:124699
24.11.10
Professor FRANK FENNER CMG COA FRS FAAS MBBS(Adelaide) DTM & H
Professor Frank Fenner, the Australian microbiologist who died yesterday aged 95, played a leading role in eradicating the variola virus that causes smallpox, while his work on the myxoma virus helped in the suppression of wild rabbit populations in Australia in the early 1950s.
Fenner began his research career during the Second World War, working to curb malaria among Australian troops in New Guinea. After the war, as Professor of Microbiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research in Canberra, he began to investigate pox viruses, including the myxoma virus.
By 1946 wild rabbits were devastating Australia's agricultural production and the government was encouraging research into the use of the virus to curb their numbers. In 1950-51, however, myxomatosis escaped from one of four trial sites in the Murray Valley, South Australia, and spread rapidly across the Murray-Darling basin, killing millions of rabbits. The epidemic also coincided with an outbreak of encephalitis in the human population, leading to panicked suggestions that the two diseases were connected.
Although Fenner and his colleagues insisted that the viruses concerned were completely different, the manager of a local hospital suggested that, if the scientists were so confident, they should inject themselves with myxoma to put the matter beyond doubt. Accordingly, Fenner and two colleagues injected themselves with enough of the virus to kill up to 1,000 rabbits. They suffered no ill effects and the Australian health minister was able to reassure the public.
Fenner was interested in the balance between the virulence of the myxoma virus and host resistance. While he showed that it killed rabbits in nine to 11 days, his finding that it was only 99.5 per cent lethal indicated that it might not be possible to use myxoma to eradicate rabbits completely. In the 1950s Australia's rabbit population fell from an estimated 600 million to around 100 million. Many of those that survived, however, developed a resistance, with the result that by the early 1990s the population had recovered to 200-300 million.
From 1969, Fenner worked with the World Health Organisation as an adviser to the smallpox eradication programme and in 1977, was appointed chairman of the WHO's Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Over the next three years he made several field trips to smallpox trouble spots and to countries such as India and China to advise health officials. On May 8 1980, a day widely regarded as the greatest in the WHO's history, Fenner was able to announce that the disease had finally been eradicated.
One of five children, Frank Fenner was born at Ballarat, Victoria, on December 21 1914. His family moved to Rose Park in South Australia when he was two. His father, a teacher, encouraged his son's interest in science and as a boy Frank had an impressive fossil collection. He wanted to study Geology, but his father urged him to study Medicine, arguing that it would lead to better job opportunities. Fenner went on to study Medicine at the University of Adelaide before enlisting in the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps in 1940.
In the early part of the war Fenner was stationed in Palestine as a field doctor. Before enlisting, he had taken a diploma in tropical medicine, so when malaria became a significant problem among troops returning from the Syrian campaign, he was one of the few with some experience.
In 1942-43, when he was in New Guinea, casualty rates due to the disease were so high that the Australian War Cabinet feared it would not be able to send adequate reinforcements to maintain fighting strength against the Japanese. Fenner's success in reducing the casualty rate meant that he was given part of the credit for Australia's subsequent victory. He was appointed MBE for this work.
After the war Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet offered Fenner a research fellowship at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and he moved to Melbourne. In early studies he used mousepox, a disease in mice caused by the ectromelia virus, as a model to investigate the incubation period of infections such as smallpox, measles and chickenpox. His findings, published in The Lancet in 1948, are still cited today.
In 1949, on a fellowship at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, he worked on mycobacterium Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes Buruli ulcer, the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide after tuberculosis and leprosy. The following year Fenner was invited by Sir Howard Florey to become head of the department of microbiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
Fenner went on to serve as director of the school from 1967 to 1973, but his later research in virology took him also into epidemiology and population dynamics, and sparked a new interest in man's impact on the environment. In 1973 he set up the Australian National University's Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies Research, which he headed until his retirement in 1979.
Fenner's studies made him increasingly pessimistic about the future. Earlier this year he predicted that, as a result of the population explosion, "unbridled consumption" and international failure to curb greenhouse gas emissions, Homo sapiens "will become extinct, perhaps within 100 years".
Fenner, who published hundreds of papers and wrote or co-wrote 22 books, was a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and of the Royal Society. He received many awards and honours, including the Albert Einstein World Award for Science in 2000 and the (Australian) Prime Minister's Science Prize in 2002.
He was appointed CMG in 1976 and Companion of the Order of Australia in 1989.
Frank Fenner married, in 1944, Ellen "Bobby" Roberts, who had served with him as a nurse during the war. She died in 1995, and he is survived by their daughter.
Source UK DAILY TELEGRAPH
Fenner began his research career during the Second World War, working to curb malaria among Australian troops in New Guinea. After the war, as Professor of Microbiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research in Canberra, he began to investigate pox viruses, including the myxoma virus.
By 1946 wild rabbits were devastating Australia's agricultural production and the government was encouraging research into the use of the virus to curb their numbers. In 1950-51, however, myxomatosis escaped from one of four trial sites in the Murray Valley, South Australia, and spread rapidly across the Murray-Darling basin, killing millions of rabbits. The epidemic also coincided with an outbreak of encephalitis in the human population, leading to panicked suggestions that the two diseases were connected.
Although Fenner and his colleagues insisted that the viruses concerned were completely different, the manager of a local hospital suggested that, if the scientists were so confident, they should inject themselves with myxoma to put the matter beyond doubt. Accordingly, Fenner and two colleagues injected themselves with enough of the virus to kill up to 1,000 rabbits. They suffered no ill effects and the Australian health minister was able to reassure the public.
Fenner was interested in the balance between the virulence of the myxoma virus and host resistance. While he showed that it killed rabbits in nine to 11 days, his finding that it was only 99.5 per cent lethal indicated that it might not be possible to use myxoma to eradicate rabbits completely. In the 1950s Australia's rabbit population fell from an estimated 600 million to around 100 million. Many of those that survived, however, developed a resistance, with the result that by the early 1990s the population had recovered to 200-300 million.
From 1969, Fenner worked with the World Health Organisation as an adviser to the smallpox eradication programme and in 1977, was appointed chairman of the WHO's Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Over the next three years he made several field trips to smallpox trouble spots and to countries such as India and China to advise health officials. On May 8 1980, a day widely regarded as the greatest in the WHO's history, Fenner was able to announce that the disease had finally been eradicated.
One of five children, Frank Fenner was born at Ballarat, Victoria, on December 21 1914. His family moved to Rose Park in South Australia when he was two. His father, a teacher, encouraged his son's interest in science and as a boy Frank had an impressive fossil collection. He wanted to study Geology, but his father urged him to study Medicine, arguing that it would lead to better job opportunities. Fenner went on to study Medicine at the University of Adelaide before enlisting in the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps in 1940.
In the early part of the war Fenner was stationed in Palestine as a field doctor. Before enlisting, he had taken a diploma in tropical medicine, so when malaria became a significant problem among troops returning from the Syrian campaign, he was one of the few with some experience.
In 1942-43, when he was in New Guinea, casualty rates due to the disease were so high that the Australian War Cabinet feared it would not be able to send adequate reinforcements to maintain fighting strength against the Japanese. Fenner's success in reducing the casualty rate meant that he was given part of the credit for Australia's subsequent victory. He was appointed MBE for this work.
After the war Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet offered Fenner a research fellowship at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and he moved to Melbourne. In early studies he used mousepox, a disease in mice caused by the ectromelia virus, as a model to investigate the incubation period of infections such as smallpox, measles and chickenpox. His findings, published in The Lancet in 1948, are still cited today.
In 1949, on a fellowship at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, he worked on mycobacterium Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes Buruli ulcer, the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide after tuberculosis and leprosy. The following year Fenner was invited by Sir Howard Florey to become head of the department of microbiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
Fenner went on to serve as director of the school from 1967 to 1973, but his later research in virology took him also into epidemiology and population dynamics, and sparked a new interest in man's impact on the environment. In 1973 he set up the Australian National University's Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies Research, which he headed until his retirement in 1979.
Fenner's studies made him increasingly pessimistic about the future. Earlier this year he predicted that, as a result of the population explosion, "unbridled consumption" and international failure to curb greenhouse gas emissions, Homo sapiens "will become extinct, perhaps within 100 years".
Fenner, who published hundreds of papers and wrote or co-wrote 22 books, was a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and of the Royal Society. He received many awards and honours, including the Albert Einstein World Award for Science in 2000 and the (Australian) Prime Minister's Science Prize in 2002.
He was appointed CMG in 1976 and Companion of the Order of Australia in 1989.
Frank Fenner married, in 1944, Ellen "Bobby" Roberts, who had served with him as a nurse during the war. She died in 1995, and he is survived by their daughter.
Source UK DAILY TELEGRAPH
23.11.10
PROF. HENRY T. LYNCH
Henry T. Lynch
American physician, born January 4, 1928, Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Associated eponyms:
Lynch's syndrome I and II
Familial predisposition to colorectal cancer.
Lynch-Wiersma syndrome
A combination of ichthyosis congenita and secondary male hypogonadism.
Henry T. Lynch attended the Universities of Oklahoma and Denver before he began research in human genetics at the University of Texas, Austin. He went on to study medicine, graduating from the University of Texas, Galveston, in 1960. He trained in internal medicine at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, and gained further experience through a fellowship in clinical oncology. In 1967 he joined the faculty of the Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska as professor and chairman of the department of preventive medicine. In
In 1980 he became professor of medicine at the same institution, and in 1994 director of the Creighton Cancer Center. he is (2001) a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Tumor Marker Oncology, Anti-Cancer Research - International Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment and American Journal of Medical Genetics.
His research involves clinical as well as laboratory investigations into a variety of hereditary cancer prone disorders, with an emphasis on breast cancer. He has had a particular interest in breast cancer-prone families and was one of the first to delineate the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of breast cancer-prone families. In the late 1960's and early 70's, he described families showing autosomal dominant inheritance patterns for breast and ovarian cancer which is now known as the hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC). Early on, his work in cancer genetics was given short shrift, particularly during the heyday of the "viral" aetiology of breast cancer. The belief in Dr. Lynch's medical genetic observations of breast cancer families was rather limited. However, he kept documenting cancer of all anatomic sites in breast cancer-prone families, and his resource became one of the largest of its type in the world.
Dr. Lynch is the recipient of the American Cancer Society 1997 Medal of Honor Clinical Research Award and the Association of Community Cancer Center's 1996 Outstanding Advancement in Clinical Research Award.
Lynch has written more than 400 articles on cancer genetics. He is also the author of 12 books, some of which include his wife and/or son as co-authors. Lynch's most important work has been in cancer genetics and he has published Lynch has served on several national committees which are concerned with the prevention of cancer and he is recognised as a pioneer in this field.
In 1998 Henry T. Lynch received the Clinical Research Award for his unparalleled contributions to the understanding of the genetic influences on breast cancer development. htlynch@creighton.edu
DNA extraction and proper storage should be left only to DNA banking companies that have received clearance by the FDA, and laboratories that are certified (CLIA approved). In addition, such DNA banks need to guarantee mechanisms that ensure quantifiably sufficient results and confidentiality.
Banking of family DNA will play a pivotal role in this new era of modern medicine. Simply, the availability of banked DNA will allow the physician to move from Diagnosis and Prognosis to Prediction and Prevention.
DNA Banking is extremely important in the midst of the molecular genetic revolution, we can determine which genes give rise to diseases, not just cancer. I believe strongly in the testing of families to see who is at risk for disease. Medically, this knowledge is invaluable for present and future generations.
Henry T. Lynch, Takeshi Hirayama (Editor):
Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer. 1989
Henry T. Lynch, Rodney H. Hoden:
International Directory of Genetic Services.
Henry T. Lynch:
Birth Defects International Directory of Genetic Service.
Henry T. Lynch,. Ramon M. Fusao (Editor):
Hereditary Malignant Melanoma.
P. Watson, H. T. Lynch:
Extracolonic cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
Cancer, Philadelphia, 1993, 71:677-685.
H. T. Lynch, T. C. Smyrk, P. Watson, et al.
Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review.
Gastroenterology, Baltimore, 199, 104: 1535-1549.
H. T. Lynch:
Genetics and pancreatic cancer.
Archives of Surgery, Chicago, 1994, 129: 266-268.
L. A. Aaltonen, P. Peltomaki, J. P. Mecklin, H. Javinen, J. R. Jass, J. S. Green, H. T. Lynch, P. Watson, G. Tallqvist, M. Juhola, P. Sistonen, S. R. Hamilton, K. W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, A. de la Chapelle:
Replication Errors in Benign and Malignant Tumors from Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Patients.
Cancer Research, 1994, 54: 1645-1648.
H. T. Lynch, T. A. Conway, J. F. Lynch:
Phenotypic Variation in Hereditary Breast Cancer: Cancer Control Implications.
Archives of Surgery, Chicago, 1994, 129: 806-813.
P. Tonin, O. Serova, J. Simard, G. Lenoir, J. Feunteun, K. Morgan, H. Lynch, S. Narod:
The Gene for Hereditary Breast-Ovarian Cancer, BRCAI, Maps Distal to EDH17B2 in Chromosome Region 17q 12-q21.
Human Molecular Genetics, Oxford, 1994, 3(9):1679-1682.
R. M. Fusaro, H. T. Lynch:
The Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome and its Associated Risk for Pancreatic Cancer. International Journal of Pancreatology, 1994, 16 (2): 216-221.
B. Liu, R. E. Parsons, S. R. Hamilton, G. M. Petersen, H. T. Lynch, P. Watson, S. Markowitz , J. K. Willson, J. Green, A. de la Chapelle, et al:
hMSH2 Mutations in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Kindreds.
Cancer Research, 1994, 54 (17): 4590-4594.
H. T. Lynch, R. Fitzgibbons Jr, S. Chong, J. Cavalieri, J. Lynch, F. Wallace, S. Patel:
Use of Doxorubicin and Dacarbazine for the Management of Unrespectable Intra-Abdominal Desmoid Tumors in Gardner's Syndrome.
Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, Philadelphia, 1994, 37 (3): 260-267.
S. A. Narod, D. Ford, P. Devilee, R. B. Barkardottir, H. T. Lynch, S. A. Smith, B. A. J. Ponder, J. E. Garber, J. M. Birch, R. S. Cornelis, D. P. Kelsell, N. K. Spurr, E. Smyth, N. Haites, H. Sobol, Y. J. Bignon, J. Chang-Claude, Hamann Ute, A. Lindblom, A. Borg, M. D. Piver, H. H. Gallion, J. P. Struewing, A. Whittemore, P. Tonin, D. E. Goldgar, D. F. Easton, and the Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium:
An Evaluation of Genetic Heterogeneity in 145 Breast-Ovarian Cancer Families.
The American Journal of Human Gentics, Chicago, 1995, 56: 254-264.
H. T. Lynch, T. Smyrk, T. McGinn, S. Lanspa, J. Cavalieri, J. Lynch, S. Slominski-Castor, M. Cayouette, I. Priluck, M. C. Luce:
Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP) A Phenotypically and Genotypically Distintive Variant og FAP. Cancer, Philadelphia, 1995, 76: 2427-2433.
H. T. Lynch, T. Smyrk, S. Kern, R. Hruban, C. Lightdale, S. Lemon, J. F. Lynch, L. Fusaro, R. M. Fusaro, P.Ghadirian:
Familial Pancreatic Cancer: A Review.
Seminars in Oncology, 1996, 23:251-275.
J. N. Marcus, P. Watson, D. L. Page, S. Narod, G. Lenoir, P. Tonin, L. Linder-Stephenson, G. Salerno, T. A. Conway, H. T. Lynch:
Hereditary Breast Cancer: Pathobiology, Prognosis, and BRCAI and BRCA2 Gene Linkage.
Cancer, Philadelphia, 1996, 77: 697-709.
H. T. Lynch, T. Smyrk:
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (Lynch Syndrome). An Updated Review.
Cancer, Philadelphia, 1996, 78 (6): 1149-1167.
Olga M. Serova, Sylvie Mazoyer, Nadine Puget, Valérie Dubois, Patricia Tonin, Yin Y. Shugart, David Goldgar, Steven A. Narod, Henry T. Lynch, and Gilbert M. Lenoir:
Mutations in BRCA and BRCA2 in Breast Cancer Families: Are There More Breast Cancer—Susceptibility Genes?
The American Journal of Human Gentics, Chicago, March 3, 1997, 60 (3): 486-495.
Randi Londer Gould in consultation with Henry T. Lynch, Robert A. Smith, James F. McCarthy:
Cancer and genetics : answering your patients' questions, a manual for clinicians and their patients.
Huntington, NY : PRR ; Atlanta, GA : American Cancer Society, 1997.
Caryn Lerman, Chanita Hughes, Bruce J. Trock, Ronald E. Myers, David Main, Aba Bonney, Mohammad R. Abbaszadegan, Anne E. Harty, Barbara A. Franklin, Jane F. Lynch, Henry T. Lynch:
Genetic Testing in Families With Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer.
The Journal of the American Medical Assiociation, Chicago, May 5, 1999, 281 (17): 1618-1622.
American physician, born January 4, 1928, Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Associated eponyms:
Lynch's syndrome I and II
Familial predisposition to colorectal cancer.
Lynch-Wiersma syndrome
A combination of ichthyosis congenita and secondary male hypogonadism.
Henry T. Lynch attended the Universities of Oklahoma and Denver before he began research in human genetics at the University of Texas, Austin. He went on to study medicine, graduating from the University of Texas, Galveston, in 1960. He trained in internal medicine at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, and gained further experience through a fellowship in clinical oncology. In 1967 he joined the faculty of the Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska as professor and chairman of the department of preventive medicine. In
In 1980 he became professor of medicine at the same institution, and in 1994 director of the Creighton Cancer Center. he is (2001) a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Tumor Marker Oncology, Anti-Cancer Research - International Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment and American Journal of Medical Genetics.
His research involves clinical as well as laboratory investigations into a variety of hereditary cancer prone disorders, with an emphasis on breast cancer. He has had a particular interest in breast cancer-prone families and was one of the first to delineate the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of breast cancer-prone families. In the late 1960's and early 70's, he described families showing autosomal dominant inheritance patterns for breast and ovarian cancer which is now known as the hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC). Early on, his work in cancer genetics was given short shrift, particularly during the heyday of the "viral" aetiology of breast cancer. The belief in Dr. Lynch's medical genetic observations of breast cancer families was rather limited. However, he kept documenting cancer of all anatomic sites in breast cancer-prone families, and his resource became one of the largest of its type in the world.
Dr. Lynch is the recipient of the American Cancer Society 1997 Medal of Honor Clinical Research Award and the Association of Community Cancer Center's 1996 Outstanding Advancement in Clinical Research Award.
Lynch has written more than 400 articles on cancer genetics. He is also the author of 12 books, some of which include his wife and/or son as co-authors. Lynch's most important work has been in cancer genetics and he has published Lynch has served on several national committees which are concerned with the prevention of cancer and he is recognised as a pioneer in this field.
In 1998 Henry T. Lynch received the Clinical Research Award for his unparalleled contributions to the understanding of the genetic influences on breast cancer development. htlynch@creighton.edu
DNA extraction and proper storage should be left only to DNA banking companies that have received clearance by the FDA, and laboratories that are certified (CLIA approved). In addition, such DNA banks need to guarantee mechanisms that ensure quantifiably sufficient results and confidentiality.
Banking of family DNA will play a pivotal role in this new era of modern medicine. Simply, the availability of banked DNA will allow the physician to move from Diagnosis and Prognosis to Prediction and Prevention.
DNA Banking is extremely important in the midst of the molecular genetic revolution, we can determine which genes give rise to diseases, not just cancer. I believe strongly in the testing of families to see who is at risk for disease. Medically, this knowledge is invaluable for present and future generations.
Henry T. Lynch, Takeshi Hirayama (Editor):
Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer. 1989
Henry T. Lynch, Rodney H. Hoden:
International Directory of Genetic Services.
Henry T. Lynch:
Birth Defects International Directory of Genetic Service.
Henry T. Lynch,. Ramon M. Fusao (Editor):
Hereditary Malignant Melanoma.
P. Watson, H. T. Lynch:
Extracolonic cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
Cancer, Philadelphia, 1993, 71:677-685.
H. T. Lynch, T. C. Smyrk, P. Watson, et al.
Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review.
Gastroenterology, Baltimore, 199, 104: 1535-1549.
H. T. Lynch:
Genetics and pancreatic cancer.
Archives of Surgery, Chicago, 1994, 129: 266-268.
L. A. Aaltonen, P. Peltomaki, J. P. Mecklin, H. Javinen, J. R. Jass, J. S. Green, H. T. Lynch, P. Watson, G. Tallqvist, M. Juhola, P. Sistonen, S. R. Hamilton, K. W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, A. de la Chapelle:
Replication Errors in Benign and Malignant Tumors from Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Patients.
Cancer Research, 1994, 54: 1645-1648.
H. T. Lynch, T. A. Conway, J. F. Lynch:
Phenotypic Variation in Hereditary Breast Cancer: Cancer Control Implications.
Archives of Surgery, Chicago, 1994, 129: 806-813.
P. Tonin, O. Serova, J. Simard, G. Lenoir, J. Feunteun, K. Morgan, H. Lynch, S. Narod:
The Gene for Hereditary Breast-Ovarian Cancer, BRCAI, Maps Distal to EDH17B2 in Chromosome Region 17q 12-q21.
Human Molecular Genetics, Oxford, 1994, 3(9):1679-1682.
R. M. Fusaro, H. T. Lynch:
The Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome and its Associated Risk for Pancreatic Cancer. International Journal of Pancreatology, 1994, 16 (2): 216-221.
B. Liu, R. E. Parsons, S. R. Hamilton, G. M. Petersen, H. T. Lynch, P. Watson, S. Markowitz , J. K. Willson, J. Green, A. de la Chapelle, et al:
hMSH2 Mutations in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Kindreds.
Cancer Research, 1994, 54 (17): 4590-4594.
H. T. Lynch, R. Fitzgibbons Jr, S. Chong, J. Cavalieri, J. Lynch, F. Wallace, S. Patel:
Use of Doxorubicin and Dacarbazine for the Management of Unrespectable Intra-Abdominal Desmoid Tumors in Gardner's Syndrome.
Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, Philadelphia, 1994, 37 (3): 260-267.
S. A. Narod, D. Ford, P. Devilee, R. B. Barkardottir, H. T. Lynch, S. A. Smith, B. A. J. Ponder, J. E. Garber, J. M. Birch, R. S. Cornelis, D. P. Kelsell, N. K. Spurr, E. Smyth, N. Haites, H. Sobol, Y. J. Bignon, J. Chang-Claude, Hamann Ute, A. Lindblom, A. Borg, M. D. Piver, H. H. Gallion, J. P. Struewing, A. Whittemore, P. Tonin, D. E. Goldgar, D. F. Easton, and the Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium:
An Evaluation of Genetic Heterogeneity in 145 Breast-Ovarian Cancer Families.
The American Journal of Human Gentics, Chicago, 1995, 56: 254-264.
H. T. Lynch, T. Smyrk, T. McGinn, S. Lanspa, J. Cavalieri, J. Lynch, S. Slominski-Castor, M. Cayouette, I. Priluck, M. C. Luce:
Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP) A Phenotypically and Genotypically Distintive Variant og FAP. Cancer, Philadelphia, 1995, 76: 2427-2433.
H. T. Lynch, T. Smyrk, S. Kern, R. Hruban, C. Lightdale, S. Lemon, J. F. Lynch, L. Fusaro, R. M. Fusaro, P.Ghadirian:
Familial Pancreatic Cancer: A Review.
Seminars in Oncology, 1996, 23:251-275.
J. N. Marcus, P. Watson, D. L. Page, S. Narod, G. Lenoir, P. Tonin, L. Linder-Stephenson, G. Salerno, T. A. Conway, H. T. Lynch:
Hereditary Breast Cancer: Pathobiology, Prognosis, and BRCAI and BRCA2 Gene Linkage.
Cancer, Philadelphia, 1996, 77: 697-709.
H. T. Lynch, T. Smyrk:
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (Lynch Syndrome). An Updated Review.
Cancer, Philadelphia, 1996, 78 (6): 1149-1167.
Olga M. Serova, Sylvie Mazoyer, Nadine Puget, Valérie Dubois, Patricia Tonin, Yin Y. Shugart, David Goldgar, Steven A. Narod, Henry T. Lynch, and Gilbert M. Lenoir:
Mutations in BRCA and BRCA2 in Breast Cancer Families: Are There More Breast Cancer—Susceptibility Genes?
The American Journal of Human Gentics, Chicago, March 3, 1997, 60 (3): 486-495.
Randi Londer Gould in consultation with Henry T. Lynch, Robert A. Smith, James F. McCarthy:
Cancer and genetics : answering your patients' questions, a manual for clinicians and their patients.
Huntington, NY : PRR ; Atlanta, GA : American Cancer Society, 1997.
Caryn Lerman, Chanita Hughes, Bruce J. Trock, Ronald E. Myers, David Main, Aba Bonney, Mohammad R. Abbaszadegan, Anne E. Harty, Barbara A. Franklin, Jane F. Lynch, Henry T. Lynch:
Genetic Testing in Families With Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer.
The Journal of the American Medical Assiociation, Chicago, May 5, 1999, 281 (17): 1618-1622.
21.11.10
What makes a TOP DOC?
TOP DOCS are mainly divided into those that DIAGNOSE and those that PHYSICALLY INVESTIGATE and OPERATE.
In 2010 most TOP DOCS have a PhD as well: (in UK MD equal to PhD).
Most Top Docs work in a UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL.
All Top Docs publish regularly and write books.
All Top Docs are INVITED SPEAKERS to INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES.
In 2010 most TOP DOCS have a PhD as well: (in UK MD equal to PhD).
Most Top Docs work in a UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL.
All Top Docs publish regularly and write books.
All Top Docs are INVITED SPEAKERS to INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES.
2.11.10
USA:ENDOCRINOLOGY U.California Emeritus Prof. Blake TYRRELL
J. Blake Tyrrell, MD is Clinical Professor Emeritus,Univ.California at San Francisco, and director of the Endocrinology Clinic. Dr. Tyrrell received his MD from the University of Toronto(1966) and completed his training in Internal Medicine(1969) and Endocrinology(1975) at UCSF. He is board certified in Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and Metabolism.
Dr. Tyrrell is an expert in Neuroendocrinology, disorders of the PITUITARY and ADRENAL glands. He has published extensively on Cushing's disease, pituitary tumors, acromegaly, prolactinomas and adrenal diseases.
Dr. Tyrrell is an expert in Neuroendocrinology, disorders of the PITUITARY and ADRENAL glands. He has published extensively on Cushing's disease, pituitary tumors, acromegaly, prolactinomas and adrenal diseases.
1.11.10
MAYO CLINIC, Scottsdale, Ariz.. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Dr.Keith STEWART
Medical School
Aberdeen University
Graduate School
MBA, Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
Certifications
MRCO, Royal College of Physicians, London, England
FRCPC, Royal College of Physicians of Canada
Specialist certification in Hematology, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
American Board of Internal Medicine
Academic Rank
Professor of Medicine
Interests
Myeloma, Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia, Amyloidosis,Correlative biology, Genomics.
Publications
See a listing of publications on PubMed
Aberdeen University
Graduate School
MBA, Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
Certifications
MRCO, Royal College of Physicians, London, England
FRCPC, Royal College of Physicians of Canada
Specialist certification in Hematology, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
American Board of Internal Medicine
Academic Rank
Professor of Medicine
Interests
Myeloma, Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia, Amyloidosis,Correlative biology, Genomics.
Publications
See a listing of publications on PubMed
TORONTO: INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS
Toronto General Hospital(Univ.Health Network)
Dr.John KACHURA MD(Toronto '89)
Pres.-Elect Can Interventional Radiology Assn.
Toronto Western Hospital(Univ.Health Network)
Dr.Roger SMITH MD(Edinburgh '77)
Dr.John KACHURA MD(Toronto '89)
Pres.-Elect Can Interventional Radiology Assn.
Toronto Western Hospital(Univ.Health Network)
Dr.Roger SMITH MD(Edinburgh '77)
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